Xérostomie post-radique : évaluation de l'acupuncture

1. Revues systématiques et méta-analyses

1.1. Mercadante 2017 Ø

Mercadante V, Al Hamad A, Lodi G, Porter S , Fedele S. Interventions for the management of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia and hyposalivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2017;66:64-74. [10221].

Introduction	Salivary gland hypofunction is a common and permanent adverse effect of radiotherapy to the head and neck. Randomised trials of available treatment modalities have produced unclear results and offer little reliable guidance for clinicians to inform evidence-based therapy. We have undertaken this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the effectiveness of available interventions for radiotherapy-induced xerostomia and hyposalivation.
Methods	We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, AMED, and CINAHL database through July 2016 for randomised controlled trials comparing any topical or systemic intervention to active and/or non-active controls for the treatment of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia. The results of clinically and statistically homogenous studies were pooled and meta-analyzed.
Results	1732 patients from twenty studies were included in the systematic review. Interventions included systemic or topical pilocarpine, systemic cevimeline, saliva substitutes/mouthcare systems, hyperthermic humidification, acupuncture, acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, low-level laser therapy and herbal medicine. Results from the meta-analysis, which included six studies, suggest that both cevimeline and pilocarpine can reduce xerostomia symptoms and increase salivary flow compared to placebo, although some aspects of the relevant effect size, duration of the benefit, and clinical meaningfulness remain unclear. With regard to interventions not included in the meta-analysis, we found no evidence, or very weak evidence, that they can reduce xerostomia symptoms or increase salivary flow in this population.
Conclusions	Pilocarpine and cevimeline should represent the first line of therapy in head and neck cancer survivors with radiotherapy-induced xerostomia and hyposalivation. The use of other treatment modalities cannot be supported on the basis of current evidence.

1.2. Hanchanale 2015 ☆

Hanchanale S, Adkinson L, Daniel S, Fleming M, Oxberry SG. Systematic literature review: xerostomia in advanced cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2015 Mar;23(3):881-8. [159548]. .

Purpose	Dry mouth (xerostomia) is one of the commonest symptoms in cancer patients and can adversely affect quality of life. The aim of this review was to determine the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in treating xerostomia in adult advanced cancer patients.
Methods	The literature search was performed in February 2014 using databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, BNI and Cochrane library. The search was carried out using standard MeSH terms and was limited to adult population and English language. Studies investigating xerostomia secondary to head and neck cancer treatment and autoimmune disease were excluded. Titles and abstracts were screened and reviewed for eligibility. Only studies involving primary research were included in the analysis.
Results	Six studies met the eligibility criteria for review: three randomized controlled trials and three prospective studies. The quality assessment and reporting was performed using PRISMA, Jadad and STROBE. These studies compared acupuncture, pilocarpine, Saliva Orthana and chewing gum with each other or with placebo. All interventions were considered effective in treating xerostomia. However, effectiveness versus placebo could not be demonstrated for Saliva Orthana. Meta-analysis could not be performed due to heterogeneity of the study type and intervention.
Conclusion	Limited published data exists reporting the effectiveness of measures in the treatment of xerostomia in cancer patients. Based on primary research of low quality, firm conclusions cannot be drawn. However, pilocarpine, artificial saliva, chewing gum and acupuncture can be tried based on the available data. This highlights the explicit need to improve our evidence base. Properly constructed randomized controlled trials demonstrating effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for dry mouth are required

1.3. Garcia 2015

Garcia M , Niemtzow RC, McQuade J, Haddad R, Lee R, Spano M, Cohen L. Acupuncture for xerostomia in patients with cancer: An update. Medical Acupuncture. 2015; 27(3):158-67. [188884]

Background	Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a common side-effect of cancer treatment following radiotherapy, especially in patients with head-and-neck (HN) cancer.
Objective	The purpose of this review was to evaluate evidence related to acupuncture for xerostomia in patients with HN cancer.
Materials and Methods	Embase, Medline,_ Cochrane (all databases), PubMed, and Scopus were searched from inception through December 2014 for studies published in English that were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating acupuncture to treat and/or prevent xerostomia in patients with cancer. A usual-care and/or placebo comparison group was required for inclusion. Risk of bias (ROB) was rated as low, high, or unclear according to Cochrane criteria. Outcomes and treatment parameters were summarized.
Results	Of 184 articles identified, 136 duplicates were omitted, leaving 48 publications that were screened. Thirty-nine studies were excluded because they were not prospective RCTs of acupuncture in patients with cancer, and three studies did not involve needle insertion into acupuncture points. Six studies met all inclusion criteria. Four investigated acupuncture to treat xerostomia, and two investigated acupuncture to prevent xerostomia. Of the six included trials, four reported significant between-group differences in favor of real acupuncture, and two reported significant within-group differences only. No studies were rated as low ROB, either because of low statistical power or a lack of blinding.
Conclusions	Acupuncture may be a helpful adjunct to cancer care for treatment and/or prevention of xerostomia in patients with HN cancer, but studies to date have been limited by small sample size and/or lack of blinding. Large phase III trials are currently underway.

1.4. Lovelace 2014

Lovelace TL, Fox NF, Sood AJ, Nguyen SA, Day Ta. Management of radiotherapy-induced salivary hypofunction and consequent xerostomia in patients with oral or head and neck cancer: meta-analysis and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014. 117(5):595-607. [178881].

Objective	To analyze the efficacy of various treatment options for radiation-induced hyposalivation in patients with head and neck cancer.
Methods	Study design: A literature review and meta-analysis was performed on all appropriate literature identified via MEDLINE/PubMed.
Results	Fourteen articles were identified that met inclusion criteria for review, and 8 articles qualified for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The available literature addressed both objective and subjective responses of hyposalivation, xerostomia, or both to cholinergic agonists (such as pilocarpine and cevimeline), salivary substitutes, hyperbaric oxygen, and acupuncture.
Conclusions	This analysis indicated that cholinergic agonists were more effective in treating radiation-induced hyposalivation compared with salivary substitutes, hyperbaric oxygen, and acupuncture. However, other treatment modalities, such as salivary substitutes and hyperbaric oxygen, were also found to subjectively improve patients' perception of xerostomia.

1.5. Zhuang 2012 ☆

Zhuang L, Yang Z, Zeng X, Zhua X, Chen Z, Liu L, Meng Z. The preventive and therapeutic effect of acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2012. [159293].

Background	Methods: Some studies suggest that acupuncture may be beneficial.
Objectives	The authors evaluated the preventive and therapeutic effect of acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia among patients with head and neck cancer.
Methods	PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CBM, CAJD, Wan Fang database, and VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals were electronically searched, in conjunction with further manual search for relevant articles. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated.
Results	Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the therapeutic effect of acupuncture were included. One RCT on the preventive effect of acupuncture was found. Because of the considerable variation among included studies, meta-analysis was not possible. Two included RCTs used placebo controls, and both observed significant improvement in the salivary flow rates between acupuncture and control groups. However, no significant differences were found. Three included RCTs suggested that acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia can improve patients' subjective symptoms. The only study evaluating the preventive effect of acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia showed positive changes in salivary flow rates (both unstimulated and stimulated) and dry mouth -related symptoms. Acupuncture treatment was well tolerated by all patients and no severe adverse effects were seen.
Conclusions	Insufficient evidence is available to judge whether acupuncture is safe and whether it is effective in preventing or treating radiation-induced xerostomia. Significant research remains to be done before acupuncture can be recommended for routine use in radiation-induced xerostomia.

1.6. O'Sullivan 2010 ☆

O'sullivan EM, Higginson IJ. Clinical effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of irradiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Acupuncture in Medicine. 2010. 28(4):191-9. [158385].

Background	Irradiation-induced xerostomia seriously reduces quality of life for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Anecdotal evidence suggests that acupuncture may be beneficial.
Objective	To systematically review evidence on clinical effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in irradiation-induced xerostomia in patients with HNC.
Methods	A detailed search was performed to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of RCTs on acupuncture in irradiation-induced xerostomia, using AMED, BNIA, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, HPSI, PsycInfo and Medline. Grey literature was explored and 11 journals hand searched. Search terms included: acupuncture, xerostomia, salivary hypofunction, hyposalivation, dry mouth, radiotherapy, irradiation, brachytherapy, external beam. Two authors independently extracted data for analysis using predefined selection criteria and quality indicators.
Results	43 of the 61 articles identified were excluded on title/abstract. 18 articles underwent full-text review; three were deemed eligible for inclusion. Two trials had moderate risk of bias; one had high risk. Two trials compared acupuncture with sham acupuncture; one control arm received 'usual care'. Outcome measurements included salivary flow rates (SFRs) in two trials and subjective questionnaires in three. All three trials reported significant reduction in xerostomia versus baseline SFR (p<0.05); one reported greater effect in the intervention group for stimulated SFR (p<0.01). Subjective assessment reported significant differences between real acupuncture and control in two trials (p<0.02-0.05). Insufficient evidence was presented to undertake risk/benefit assessment.
Conclusions	Limited evidence suggests that acupuncture is beneficial for irradiation-induced xerostomia. Although current evidence is insufficient to recommend this intervention, it is sufficient to justify further studies. Highlighted methodological limitations must be dealt with.

1.7. Jensen 2010

Jensen SB et al. A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: Management strategies and economic impact. Support Care Cancer. 2010; 18(8):1061-79. [155308].155308

Objectifs	This systematic review aimed to assess the literature for management strategies and economic impact of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies and to determine the quality of evidence-based management recommendations.
Méthode	The electronic databases of MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE were searched for articles published in English since the 1989 NIH Development Consensus Conference on the Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies until 2008 inclusive. For each article, two independent reviewers extracted information regarding study design, study population, interventions, outcome measures, results, and conclusions.
Résultats	Seventy-two interventional studies met the inclusion criteria. In addition, 49 intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) studies were included as a management strategy aiming for less salivary gland damage. Management guideline recommendations were drawn up for IMRT, amifostine, muscarinic agonist stimulation, oral mucosal lubricants, acupuncture, and submandibular gland transfer.
Conclusions	There is evidence that salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies can be prevented or symptoms be minimized to some degree, depending on the type of cancer treatment. Management guideline recommendations are provided for IMRT, amifostine, muscarinic agonist stimulation, oral mucosal lubricants, acupuncture, and submandibular gland transfer. Fields of sparse literature identified included effects of gustatory and masticatory stimulation, specific oral mucosal lubricant formulas, submandibular gland transfer, acupuncture, hyperbaric oxygen treatment, management strategies in pediatric cancer populations, and the economic consequences of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia.

2. Recommandation de bonne pratique

2.1. Société Française d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie de la Face et du Cou (SFORL, France 2014)

Recommandations pour la pratique clinique : Prise en charge des douleurs somatiques induites par les traitements des cancers des VADS. SFORL 2014 [160900].

Recommandation 12: Le groupe de travail recommande d'envisager l'acupuncture par un praticien expérimenté dans la prise en charge des douleurs cervicales séquellaires d'un curage ganglionnaire et dans la xérostomie après radiothérapie. (Grade B).

2.2. American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP, USA) 2007

Cassileth BR, Deng GE, Gomez JE, Johnstone PA, Kumar N, Vickers AJ; American College of Chest Physicians. Complementary therapies and integrative oncology in lung cancer: Accp Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition). Chest. 2007;132(3sup:340s-54s. [146961]

Recommendation 7. Acupuncture is recommended as a complementary therapy when pain is poorly controlled or when side effects such as neuropathy or xerostomia from other modalities are clinically significant. Grade of recommendation, 1A

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